Here’s how Bengaluru is becoming increasingly flood-prone

“You can never control floods; yes can simply try to reduce the risk.”

– Philip William, President of the International Rivers Network

 

The recent floods in Chennai have sent tremors among urban population. The question “what if this happens in my city” is on everyone’s mind.

Chennai was an example of extreme and abnormal rains which is very unlikely to occur frequently. Such occurrences can’t be prevented, however scientific analysis and timely action can limit the intensity and damage.

A Chennai-like rain is very unlikely in Bengaluru, as the clouds formed over oceans have to travel a long way to come over here, by which time the intensity of the rain would have diluted. Bengaluru, however, witnesses minor floods every rainy season owing to its rapid urbanisation.

The term ‘flood’ is very much relative. A particular quantity of precipitation (product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour – snow, drizzle, rain, sleet, hail etc.) might be a common phenomenon in forest areas; the same might be a normal rain in villages, and it might be considered as ‘flood’ in an urban scenario.

Urban floods are far more devastating than other floods because of the higher population density and the huge amount of investment in the urban infrastructure. The urban flood frequency is also higher, because an average rainfall can cause floods. Some of the reasons for this are:

• Heavy rainfall
• Lack of lakes
• Silting of surface water bodies
• Population pressure
• Deforestation
• Encroachment of storm water drains
• Poor water and sewerage management

Exploding population and area

All reasons for urban flooding, except the intensity of rainfall, are attributed to urban development. India’s Silicon Valley has grown exponentially in last two to three decades, thanks to the rapid growth in the field of information technology.

The city, once known for its gardens and lakes, is now known for information technology and job opportunities. The rapid growth in the IT sectior in the city demanded rapid growth in housing, infrastructure, transportation etc. As housing and infrastructure were supplied with least care for planning, the city has grown totally unplanned. The growth patterns of the city will shed more light on the flood vulnerability too.

Spatial growth of Bengaluru city

The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the administrative body responsible for the civic and infrastructural assets of the city, was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike with seven City Municipal Councils (CMC) – Rajarajeshwari, Dasarahalli, Bommanahalli, Krishnarajapuram, Mahadevapura, Byatarayanapura and Yelahanka, one Town Municipal Council (Kengeri) and 111 villages around Bengaluru.

BBMP has now divided Bengaluru, spread over aerial extent of 741 sq. km., into 198 wards. The expansion of Bangalore City Corporation limits has grown over ten times in last sixty years.

Year	Area in sq. km.
1949	69
1963	112
1969	134
1979	161
1995	226
2007	741

5,099% increase in population!

Today, Bangalore houses many prestigious public sector companies, private companies and MNCs, making the city a hotspot for both, the younger and older generation, looking for job opportunities. As the job opportunities are available both in skilled and non-skilled areas, the inflow of the population into the city has been remarkably huge. The population, which was around, 1.63 lakhs in 1901 has grown to 84.17 by the year 2011 — a staggering increase of 5,099%.

The population growth of Bangalore city from 1901 to 2011 is given in the following table.

Year	Population in Lakhs	Decadal Growth
1901	1.63	NA
1911	1.89	15.95%
1921	2.4	26.98%
1931	3.1	29.17%
1941	4.11	32.58%
1951	7.86	91.24%
1961	12.06	53.44%
1971	16.64	37.98%
1981	29.22	75.60%
1991	41.30	41.34%
2001	58.92	42.66%
2011	84.74	43.82%

(Source: Census data from 1901-2011).

This exponential increase in the population of the city demands more and more urbanisation, including development of public utilities and infrastructure like roads, parks, transportation, sanitation, medical facilities etc. All these developmental activities need land resource, and thus the agricultural lands and the ecological features had to be sacrificed during the course of developing Bangalore city.

Now, see this table.

Percentage of increase of each urban sector

Urban Features	Area* 1963	Area* 1983	% Diff	Area* 1990	% Diff	Area* 2001	% Diff	Area* 2011	% Diff
Residential	3,449	5,778	68	9,877	71	17,123	73	24,369	42
Commercial	175	634	262	675	6.5	1,159	72	1,643	42
Industrial	1,006	1,957	95	2,038	4	2,941	44	3,844	31
Public and Semi Public	667	2,534	280	2,616	3.2	5,201	99	4,908	-6
Parks and Open Spaces	710	2,050	189	2,132	4	3,520	65	7,788	121
Unclassified	–	2,114	–	2,114	0	2,164	2	2,213	2
Transportation	710	5,217	635	8,947	71	10,321	15	11,697	13
Total	6,717	20,284	201	28,399	40	42,429	49	56,462	33

*Area in hectares
(Source: BBMP Master Plan)

The bbove table represents the urbanisation Bengaluru has witnessed over the period between 1963 and 2011. Values for the year 2011 are the projected trend of land use based on the use of the city land as per the survey conducted by BDA in 2003. The actual land use may only go further up than proposed. The table shows the percentage of increase in each urban sector for the years specified.

It clearly demonstrates how the city has grown over fifty years. As there is continuous growth in the urban entities, there has been proportionate decrease in agricultural land and ecological features.

A map from BBMP representing the growth of Bengaluru city from a small town in 1537 to a metropolitan city in 2001 is shown below:

Though the city has been growing right from 1537, the growth in last few decades has been remarkable. Satellite Remote Sensing provides us a means to assess the urban sprawl using the historical images.

Landsat series is a series of satellites launched by NASA for remote sensing purpose. Landsat images for Bengaluru city hint a remarkable increase in the urbanisation. Below are the Landsat images of the city for the years 1972, 1992, 2002 and 2012. (Note: In satellite images vegetation is shown in red, water is depicted using dark blue and urban areas in greenish blue)

To give a better visualisation, the images for the years 1992, 2002 and 2012 are classified and given below.

How does urbanisation increase floods?

When rainfall reaches the surface of the earth, some water gets evaporated, while some of it gets infiltrated into the soil. Some portion will be absorbed by plants and trees. If the rainfall intensity exceeds the capacity of water that can be absorbed or infiltrated this way, the excess water flows on the surface. This is known as surface runoff.

When urbanisation takes place, vegetation in that area is reduced, impermeable layer on the surface increases reducing the bare soil exposure; hence water infiltration gets reduced to a great extent. As the vegetation is less, the quantity of water being used by plants or trees is reduced. All this results in increased surface water runoff.

Water travels much faster over urban features like roads and other paved surfaces, than it does on the surface of an undeveloped area. With increased urbanisation, the runoff quantity and the speed increase. The urban drainage system would have been designed to take a particular load, but as years go by, the capacity of the drainages becomes insufficient to take the load of the increased runoff during the event of a heavy rainfall, which induces drainage overflow, resulting in floods.

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